一、沼氣發(fā)電介紹

　　1、 Introduction to Biogas Power Generation

　　1、沼氣主要成份沼氣是一種混合氣體，它的主要成分是甲烷，其次有二氧化碳、硫化氫(H2S)、氮及其他一些成分。沼氣的組成中，可燃成分包括甲烷、硫化氫、一氧化碳和重?zé)N等氣體；不可燃成分包括二氧化碳、氮和氨等氣體。在沼氣成分中甲烷含量為55%～70%、二氧化碳含量為28%～44%、硫化氫平均含量為0.034%。沼氣依據(jù)其原料、生產(chǎn)過程等的不同, 其成分組成有很大的區(qū)別。

　　1. The main components of biogas are methane, followed by carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide (H2S), nitrogen, and other components. In the composition of biogas, combustible components include gases such as methane, hydrogen sulfide, carbon monoxide, and heavy hydrocarbons; Non combustible components include gases such as carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and ammonia. The methane content in biogas is 55% to 70%, the carbon dioxide content is 28% to 44%, and the average hydrogen sulfide content is 0.034%. The composition of biogas varies greatly depending on its raw materials, production process, and other factors.

　　2、沼氣的燃燒特性甲烷燃點(diǎn)在650～750℃之間，且沼氣中高濃度的二氧化碳對其有阻燃作用, 因此沼氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的改裝過程中要盡量提高甲烷的燃燒速度。沼氣中的硫化氫對發(fā)電設(shè)備有很強(qiáng)的腐蝕作用, 硫化氫含量高于0.1% 的沼氣在用于發(fā)電時(shí)應(yīng)嚴(yán)格脫硫。沼氣在燃燒過程中空氣的混入量對其燃燒特性有很大的影響。研究表明, 燃?xì)饨M成變化時(shí)火焰及其動(dòng)態(tài)變化與火焰的分層結(jié)構(gòu)有強(qiáng)烈的依賴關(guān)系。在沼氣中加入少量的氫氣可以明顯地改善沼氣的燃燒性能。在沼氣中加入少量的氫氣( 5%、10%、15%, 以能量計(jì)), 并以此為燃料, 在一定速度下研究了不同的氫氣比例對火花點(diǎn)燃式發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的性能、排放、燃燒的影響。結(jié)果表明, 氫氣的加入明顯增加了沼氣的燃燒率, 減少了沼氣燃燒的限制, 在制動(dòng)熱效率和制動(dòng)能量上有明顯的改善，然而高于15%的氫含量并沒有導(dǎo)致相對較高的燃燒。

　　2. The combustion characteristics of biogas are that the ignition point of methane is between 650 and 750 ℃, and the high concentration of carbon dioxide in biogas has a flame retardant effect on it. Therefore, during the modification process of biogas engines, the combustion rate of methane should be maximized. The hydrogen sulfide in biogas has a strong corrosive effect on power generation equipment, and biogas with a hydrogen sulfide content higher than 0.1% should be strictly desulfurized when used for power generation. The amount of air mixed in during the combustion process of biogas has a significant impact on its combustion characteristics. Research has shown that the flame and its dynamic changes are strongly dependent on the layered structure of the flame when the gas composition changes. Adding a small amount of hydrogen to biogas can significantly improve its combustion performance. A small amount of hydrogen (5%, 10%, 15% in terms of energy) was added to biogas as fuel, and the effects of different hydrogen ratios on the performance, emissions, and combustion of spark ignition engines were studied at a certain speed. The results showed that the addition of hydrogen significantly increased the combustion rate of biogas, reduced the limitations of biogas combustion, and improved the braking thermal efficiency and braking energy. However, hydrogen content above 15% did not lead to relatively high combustion.

　　3、沼氣發(fā)酵工藝溫度沼氣產(chǎn)生于有機(jī)物質(zhì)的厭氧發(fā)酵, 它是甲烷細(xì)菌的代謝產(chǎn)物. 產(chǎn)生沼氣的先決條件除了缺氧以外, pH值應(yīng)該在6.5和7.5之間, 溫度應(yīng)控制在一定范圍。

　　3. The temperature of biogas fermentation process produces biogas through anaerobic fermentation of organic matter, which is a metabolic product of methane bacteria The prerequisite for producing biogas is not only hypoxia, but also a pH value between 6.5 and 7.5, and a temperature controlled within a certain range.

　　沼氣池的溫度條件分為:①常溫發(fā)酵 (也稱為低溫發(fā)酵)10℃～30℃，在這個(gè)溫度條件下，嗜低溫菌的發(fā)酵期大約在90天至120天，產(chǎn)氣率可為0.15～0.3 m3/m3.d。②中溫發(fā)酵 30℃～45℃，在這個(gè)溫度條件下，中溫菌的發(fā)酵期大約25天至30天,池容產(chǎn)氣率可達(dá)1m3/m3.d左右。③高溫發(fā)酵 45℃～60℃，在這個(gè)溫度條件下，嗜熱菌的發(fā)酵期大約10天,池容產(chǎn)氣率可達(dá)2～2.5 m3/m3.d。沼氣發(fā)酵最經(jīng)濟(jì)的溫度條件是35℃，即中溫發(fā)酵。

　　The temperature conditions of biogas digesters are divided into: ① room temperature fermentation (also known as low-temperature fermentation) at 10 ℃ to 30 ℃. Under this temperature condition, the fermentation period of low-temperature bacteria is about 90 to 120 days, and the gas production rate can be 0.15 to 0.3 m3/m3/d. ② Medium temperature fermentation at 30 ℃ to 45 ℃, under this temperature condition, the fermentation period of medium temperature bacteria is about 25 to 30 days, and the gas production rate of the pool capacity can reach about 1m3/m3/d. ③ High temperature fermentation at 45 ℃~60 ℃, under this temperature condition, the fermentation period of thermophilic bacteria is about 10 days, and the gas production rate of the tank capacity can reach 2-2.5 m3/m3/d. The most economical temperature condition for biogas fermentation is 35 ℃, which is medium temperature fermentation.

　　4、工藝流程介紹以下通過禽畜糞沼氣發(fā)電項(xiàng)目對沼氣發(fā)電作針對性的介紹：禽畜糞沼氣發(fā)電系統(tǒng)分為收集沉砂系統(tǒng)、厭氧反應(yīng)系統(tǒng)、沼液儲(chǔ)存系統(tǒng)、生物脫硫系統(tǒng)、發(fā)電系統(tǒng)五大部分。禽畜糞收集沉砂系統(tǒng)由集水池、水解沉砂池、切碎機(jī)、厭氧進(jìn)料泵及各池?cái)嚢杼嵘玫冉M成。厭氧反應(yīng)系統(tǒng)是由厭氧進(jìn)料泵將物料打入?yún)捬醴磻?yīng)器，通過攪拌、循環(huán)進(jìn)行充分的厭氧反應(yīng)。再由熱水罐提供的熱水保證反應(yīng)器溫度適中，以獲得穩(wěn)定的厭氧反應(yīng)和沼氣輸出。沼液儲(chǔ)存系統(tǒng)包括沼液暫存池、固液分離機(jī)及沼液出水池等。沼液暫存池主要是收集沼氣，固液分離機(jī)是將沼液暫存池中的固體分離送入肥料廠，液體進(jìn)入沼液出水池中。生物脫硫系統(tǒng)包括脫硫塔、空壓機(jī)、干燥機(jī)、循環(huán)水泵、儲(chǔ)氣柜等設(shè)備將系統(tǒng)中產(chǎn)生的沼氣進(jìn)行凈化處理、儲(chǔ)存以達(dá)到進(jìn)入燃燒發(fā)電系統(tǒng)的要求。發(fā)電系統(tǒng)是將沼氣通過內(nèi)燃機(jī)、燃?xì)廨啓C(jī)等其他燃燒機(jī)組產(chǎn)生動(dòng)能帶動(dòng)發(fā)電機(jī)發(fā)電。

　　4. The following is a targeted introduction to biogas power generation through the livestock manure biogas power generation project: The livestock manure biogas power generation system is divided into five parts: collection and sedimentation system, anaerobic reaction system, biogas slurry storage system, biological desulfurization system, and power generation system. The livestock manure collection and sedimentation system consists of a collection tank, a hydrolysis sedimentation tank, a chopper, an anaerobic feed pump, and mixing and lifting pumps for each tank. The anaerobic reaction system is a process in which materials are pumped into an anaerobic reactor by an anaerobic feed pump, and undergo thorough anaerobic reactions through agitation and circulation. The hot water provided by the hot water tank ensures a moderate temperature in the reactor to achieve stable anaerobic reactions and biogas output. The biogas slurry storage system includes a biogas slurry temporary storage tank, a solid-liquid separator, and a biogas slurry effluent tank. The biogas slurry temporary storage tank is mainly used to collect biogas. The solid-liquid separator separates the solids in the biogas slurry temporary storage tank and sends them to the fertilizer plant, while the liquid enters the biogas slurry outlet tank. The biological desulfurization system includes desulfurization tower, air compressor, dryer, circulating water pump, gas storage tank and other equipment to purify and store the biogas generated in the system to meet the requirements for entering the combustion power generation system. The power generation system generates kinetic energy from biogas through other combustion units such as internal combustion engines and gas turbines to drive the generator to generate electricity.

　　5、沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組裝置大功率沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組是沼氣工業(yè)化利用的關(guān)鍵設(shè)備。在我國，有全部使用沼氣的單燃料沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組及部分使用沼氣的雙燃料沼氣-柴油發(fā)電機(jī)組。?單燃料沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組工作原理及優(yōu)點(diǎn)：?將“空氣沼氣”的混合物放在氣缸內(nèi)壓縮，用火花塞使其燃燒，通過火花塞的往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)得到動(dòng)力，然后連接發(fā)電機(jī)發(fā)電。?優(yōu)點(diǎn)：①不需要輔助燃料油及其供給設(shè)備；②燃料為一個(gè)系統(tǒng)，在控制方面比可燒兩種燃料的發(fā)電機(jī)組簡單；③發(fā)電機(jī)組價(jià)格較低。?雙燃料沼氣-柴油發(fā)電機(jī)組工作原理及優(yōu)點(diǎn)：?將“空氣燃燒氣體”的混合物放在氣缸內(nèi)壓縮，用點(diǎn)火燃料使其燃燒，通過火花塞的往復(fù)運(yùn)動(dòng)得到動(dòng)力，然后連接發(fā)電機(jī)發(fā)電。?優(yōu)點(diǎn)：①用液體燃料或氣體燃料都可工作；②對沼氣的產(chǎn)量和甲烷濃度的變化能夠適應(yīng)；③如由用氣體燃料轉(zhuǎn)為用柴油燃料，在停止工作后，發(fā)電機(jī)組內(nèi)不殘留未燃燒的氣體。?缺點(diǎn)：①工作受到供給的沼氣的數(shù)量和質(zhì)量的影響；②用氣體燃料工作時(shí)也需要添加液體輔助燃料供給設(shè)備；③控制機(jī)構(gòu)稍復(fù)雜；④價(jià)格較單燃料式發(fā)電機(jī)組稍高。

　　5. The high-power biogas generator set is a key equipment for the industrial utilization of biogas. In China, there are single fuel biogas generator sets that all use biogas and some dual fuel biogas diesel generator sets that use biogas. Working principle and advantages of a single fuel biogas generator set: The mixture of "air biogas" is compressed in a cylinder, burned with a spark plug, and powered by the reciprocating motion of the spark plug, and then connected to a generator to generate electricity. Advantages: ① No need for auxiliary fuel oil and its supply equipment; ② Fuel is a system that is simpler to control than a generator set that can burn two types of fuel; ③ The price of generator sets is relatively low. Working principle and advantages of dual fuel biogas diesel generator set: The mixture of "air combustion gas" is compressed in the cylinder, ignited with fuel, and powered by the reciprocating motion of the spark plug, and then connected to the generator to generate electricity. Advantages: ① It can work with both liquid and gas fuels; ② Capable of adapting to changes in biogas production and methane concentration; ③ If gas fuel is switched to diesel fuel, there will be no unburned gas remaining in the generator set after it stops working. Disadvantages: ① The work is affected by the quantity and quality of the supplied biogas; ② When working with gas fuel, it is also necessary to add liquid auxiliary fuel supply equipment; ③ The control mechanism is slightly complex; ④ The price is slightly higher than that of single fuel generator sets.

　　6、沼氣發(fā)電效率一方氣平均發(fā)電1.5～2kwh。發(fā)電效率：國產(chǎn)30%左右，進(jìn)口38%-46%。單機(jī)功率：國產(chǎn)2000kw以下，進(jìn)口10MW以下。進(jìn)口機(jī)組的突出優(yōu)點(diǎn)在于效率較高，單位沼氣的發(fā)電效率高，但是投資成本和維護(hù)維修成本高。而國產(chǎn)機(jī)組近年來技術(shù)水平有很大提升，尤其是在對CH4濃度適應(yīng)方面和每KW的造價(jià)方面都具有比較明顯的優(yōu)勢，具有較好的性價(jià)比，但故障率相對高些，機(jī)組在線率相對較低。進(jìn)口機(jī)組造價(jià)是國產(chǎn)機(jī)組的2-3倍。沼氣品質(zhì)會(huì)直接影響發(fā)電效率。積水導(dǎo)致了凝結(jié)水在管道的大量聚集，機(jī)組的可用率和發(fā)電功率大幅度下降；含塵量過高導(dǎo)致壓力損耗過大，且機(jī)組內(nèi)部缸體損耗嚴(yán)重；壓力、溫度等不符合機(jī)組要求，機(jī)組頻繁跳機(jī)，可用率大幅下降且增加了維護(hù)檢修成本。而經(jīng)過改造后的氣體預(yù)處理，機(jī)組的發(fā)電量增加了70%。所以，氣體品質(zhì)處理的效果如何，直接影響到最終的機(jī)組工作效率，從而影響收益。

　　6. The efficiency of biogas power generation is 1.5-2kWh per cubic meter of gas on average. Power generation efficiency: about 30% domestically produced, 38% -46% imported. Single machine power: below 2000kw domestically, below 10MW imported. The outstanding advantage of imported units is high efficiency, with a high power generation efficiency per unit of biogas, but high investment and maintenance costs. In recent years, the technological level of domestically produced units has greatly improved, especially in terms of adapting to CH4 concentration and cost per KW, which have obvious advantages and good cost-effectiveness. However, the failure rate is relatively high and the online rate of the units is relatively low. The cost of imported units is 2-3 times that of domestic units. The quality of biogas directly affects the efficiency of power generation. The accumulation of water caused a large amount of condensed water to accumulate in the pipeline, resulting in a significant decrease in the availability and power generation of the unit; Excessive dust content leads to excessive pressure loss, and the internal cylinder of the unit is severely damaged; The pressure, temperature, etc. do not meet the requirements of the unit, and the unit frequently trips, resulting in a significant decrease in availability and an increase in maintenance and repair costs. After the transformation of gas pretreatment, the power generation of the unit increased by 70%. So, the effectiveness of gas quality treatment directly affects the final efficiency of the unit, thereby affecting the revenue.

　　7、沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組裝機(jī)容量決定因素沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組的裝機(jī)大?。ㄑb機(jī)容量）取決于以下兩個(gè)因素：一是沼氣量，沼氣量越大，裝機(jī)容量就大；二是負(fù)載（這里指所有用電設(shè)備單位小時(shí)內(nèi)耗電量）大小，特別是中小型的養(yǎng)殖規(guī)模受這個(gè)因素影響較大。

　　7. The determining factor for the assembly capacity of biogas generators is the installed size (installed capacity) of the biogas generator set, which depends on two factors: first, the amount of biogas, the larger the amount of biogas, the larger the installed capacity; The second factor is the size of the load (referring to the electricity consumption per unit hour of all electrical equipment), especially for small and medium-sized aquaculture scales, which are greatly affected by this factor.

　　8、沼氣發(fā)電脫硫原因沼氣里面的硫主要是以硫化氫(H2S)的形式存在，分子式為H2S，分子量為34.076，標(biāo)準(zhǔn)狀況下是一種易燃的酸性氣體，無色，低濃度時(shí)有臭雞蛋氣味，有劇毒。硫化氫是一種重要的化學(xué)原料。硫化氫氣體在沼氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)缸體里高溫燃燒環(huán)境下，形成SO（硫氧）化物，對發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的缸體、活塞、缸套等有腐蝕性，嚴(yán)重影響沼氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的使用壽命。所以不僅僅沼氣發(fā)電需要脫硫，其實(shí)生活用氣也要脫硫，只是脫硫要求沒有那么高，如果不脫硫?qū)υ罹咂茐谋容^大。

　　8. The reason for desulfurization in biogas power generation is that the sulfur in biogas mainly exists in the form of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), with a molecular formula of H2S and a molecular weight of 34.076. Under standard conditions, it is a flammable acidic gas, colorless, and has a strong egg odor at low concentrations. It is highly toxic. Hydrogen sulfide is an important chemical raw material. Hydrogen sulfide gas forms sulfur oxides (SOs) in the high-temperature combustion environment of biogas engine cylinders, which are corrosive to the cylinder body, piston, cylinder liner, etc. of the engine, seriously affecting the service life of biogas engines. So not only does biogas power generation require desulfurization, but domestic gas also needs desulfurization, although the desulfurization requirements are not as high. If desulfurization is not carried out, it will cause significant damage to the stove.

　　9、沼氣發(fā)電輔助設(shè)備沼氣發(fā)電需要具備沼氣池、輸氣管道、儲(chǔ)氣柜（袋）、沼氣脫硫脫水，如果壓力不夠還要增加一套防腐防爆增壓設(shè)備，最后是沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組。如果要用到并網(wǎng)的話，還需一套并網(wǎng)柜。

　　9. Biogas power generation auxiliary equipment requires biogas digesters, gas transmission pipelines, gas storage tanks (bags), biogas desulfurization and dehydration. If the pressure is not enough, a set of anti-corrosion and explosion-proof boosting equipment should be added, and finally, a biogas generator set. If grid connection is required, a set of grid connected cabinets is also needed.

　　10、沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組余熱回收沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組在發(fā)電過程中，煙氣溫度達(dá)到500度左右，發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)里的缸套水也有80度左右，可通過板式熱交換器把里面的熱量交換出來，如果量大可以給我們供暖氣，如果量小可以供我們生活用水。同時(shí)，余熱也可以作為作為沼氣發(fā)生器的加溫?zé)嵩础?/p>

　　10. Waste heat recovery of biogas generator set During the power generation process, the flue gas temperature reaches about 500 degrees, and the cylinder liner water in the engine is also about 80 degrees. The heat inside can be exchanged through a plate heat exchanger. If the amount is large, it can provide us with heating, and if the amount is small, it can provide us with domestic water. Meanwhile, waste heat can also serve as a heating source for biogas generators.

　　二、沼氣發(fā)電障礙1、成本障礙燃料供應(yīng)不論在數(shù)量還是在成本控制上，均有較大的不確定性。由于飼養(yǎng)方式、飼養(yǎng)條件、飼料成分和配方、畜禽品種等的不同，牲畜的糞便產(chǎn)量差異很大。以50千克重的豬為例，每頭每天的產(chǎn)糞量，低的僅有1.75千克，高的達(dá)到6千克。因此，若對特定養(yǎng)殖場（小區(qū)）的畜禽實(shí)際產(chǎn)糞量無充分把握時(shí)，最好進(jìn)行實(shí)測。目前，全世界農(nóng)業(yè)沼氣工程最發(fā)達(dá)的德國，其95% 的沼氣工程采用混合原料發(fā)酵，原料的保證度高。發(fā)酵原料中：47% 為能源作物（多為玉米青貯）、41%為畜禽糞便、10% 為有機(jī)廢棄物、2% 為工農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)加工廢棄物。我國沼氣工程的原料較為單一，原料保證度低。應(yīng)加強(qiáng)對作物秸稈、有機(jī)蔬菜的爛菜葉、雜草、餐廚垃圾等沼氣發(fā)酵原料的開發(fā)利用；另外，能源作物的青貯一般采用機(jī)收后溝壕式堆積加覆蓋的方法、十分簡便，投資很少，應(yīng)成為今后解決原料短缺的重要途徑。生產(chǎn)沼氣的厭氧發(fā)酵過程，單一批次的物料投入后周期較長，一般來說都超過二十天，這種情況下，要形成一定的生產(chǎn)規(guī)模，就需要發(fā)酵設(shè)施的規(guī)模非常大，加上附屬的沼氣發(fā)電設(shè)施、物料運(yùn)輸和儲(chǔ)存設(shè)施、環(huán)保治理設(shè)施、配電設(shè)施等等，項(xiàng)目整體的用地規(guī)模將比較大。

　　2、 Obstacle to biogas power generation: 1. Cost obstacle. Fuel supply has significant uncertainty in both quantity and cost control. Due to differences in feeding methods, feeding conditions, feed composition and formula, and livestock breeds, there are significant variations in the fecal production of livestock. Taking a pig weighing 50 kilograms as an example, the daily manure production of each pig ranges from 1.75 kilograms to 6 kilograms. Therefore, if there is insufficient confidence in the actual manure production of livestock and poultry in a specific breeding farm (community), it is best to conduct actual measurements. At present, Germany, which has the most developed agricultural biogas engineering in the world, uses mixed raw material fermentation for 95% of its biogas engineering, with high guarantee of raw materials. In the fermentation raw materials, 47% are energy crops (mostly corn silage), 41% are livestock manure, 10% are organic waste, and 2% are industrial and agricultural production and processing waste. The raw materials for biogas engineering in our country are relatively single, and the guarantee of raw materials is low. We should strengthen the development and utilization of biogas fermentation materials such as crop straw, organic vegetable leaves, weeds, and kitchen waste; In addition, the silage of energy crops is generally harvested by machines and then stacked and covered in trenches, which is very simple and requires little investment. It should become an important way to solve the shortage of raw materials in the future. The anaerobic fermentation process for producing biogas has a long cycle after a single batch of materials is input, generally exceeding 20 days. In this case, to form a certain production scale, a very large scale of fermentation facilities is required, along with ancillary biogas power generation facilities, material transportation and storage facilities, environmental protection treatment facilities, power distribution facilities, etc. The overall land use scale of the project will be relatively large.

　　2、技術(shù)障礙我國沼氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的開發(fā)研究主要集中在內(nèi)燃機(jī)系列上，一般只是對柴油機(jī)和汽油機(jī)進(jìn)行較淺層次的改裝，對發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的熱工性能研究不深，由于產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量不過關(guān)，在運(yùn)行使用中出現(xiàn)諸多問題，給用戶帶來不便，從而影響其發(fā)展進(jìn)程。導(dǎo)致這種情況的根本原因是沒有對沼氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)進(jìn)行深入的研究，技術(shù)不過關(guān)，缺乏足夠的生產(chǎn)實(shí)踐。致使發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)在運(yùn)行中產(chǎn)生熱負(fù)荷高、可靠性差、起動(dòng)困難；另外我國研制的全燒沼氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的排氣溫度過高，氣閥易燒壞，使氣缸蓋等成為易損件等諸多技術(shù)問題。

　　2. The development and research of biogas engines in China mainly focus on the internal combustion engine series due to technical barriers. Generally, only superficial modifications are made to diesel and gasoline engines, and the thermal performance of the engines is not deeply studied. Due to poor product quality, many problems arise during operation and use, causing inconvenience to users and affecting their development process. The fundamental reason for this situation is the lack of in-depth research on biogas engines, inadequate technology, and insufficient production practice. Causing high thermal load, poor reliability, and difficulty in starting the engine during operation; In addition, the exhaust temperature of the fully burned biogas engine developed in our country is too high, and the valve is prone to burning out, making the cylinder head and other vulnerable parts and other technical problems.

　　3、市場障礙由于我國沼氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)存在許多問題，先前應(yīng)用國產(chǎn)發(fā)電機(jī)組的沼氣發(fā)電工程有許多長期處于停機(jī)狀態(tài)。這就使后來發(fā)展的絕大多數(shù)沼氣工程放棄了沼氣發(fā)電方式，轉(zhuǎn)而尋求其他的利用途徑。少數(shù)沼氣發(fā)電工程(如天津、杭州等)依靠貸款引進(jìn)購買較為成熟的國外發(fā)電機(jī)組設(shè)備來維持運(yùn)行。我國生產(chǎn)廠家則由于技術(shù)不夠成熟而造成買方市場的嚴(yán)重匱乏，沼氣發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)和發(fā)電機(jī)組無法形成規(guī)?；可a(chǎn)，使科研生產(chǎn)單位缺乏相關(guān)的研究經(jīng)費(fèi)，沒有對其作深入研究開發(fā)的積極性，不能提供質(zhì)量過關(guān)的產(chǎn)品，進(jìn)一步阻礙產(chǎn)品的市場化進(jìn)程，對生產(chǎn)科研單位自身以及沼氣發(fā)電領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展都不利。無明顯優(yōu)勢企業(yè)，行業(yè)空間集中于設(shè)備、工程市場。從國內(nèi)沼氣工程使用沼氣發(fā)電機(jī)組情況來看,國外和國內(nèi)產(chǎn)品各占50%左右,國外產(chǎn)品在效率上優(yōu)勢明顯,而國內(nèi)產(chǎn)品在價(jià)格、售后服務(wù)方面優(yōu)勢突出。而沼氣發(fā)酵、凈化、存儲(chǔ)設(shè)備制造相對簡單,參與企業(yè)眾多。整體而言,目前沼氣發(fā)電設(shè)備、沼氣發(fā)電運(yùn)營并無優(yōu)勢企業(yè),市場仍處于培育中。沼氣發(fā)電市場的參與者主要有兩類：發(fā)電設(shè)備制造商和發(fā)電運(yùn)營商。發(fā)電運(yùn)營商主要有河南百川暢銀實(shí)業(yè)等,上市公司中桑德環(huán)境、東江環(huán)保等環(huán)保企業(yè)有所涉及,但該業(yè)務(wù)占比仍較小；而發(fā)電設(shè)備制造商主要有國外顏巴赫（GE）、卡特比勒、道依茨等，國內(nèi)以勝動(dòng)、石油濟(jì)柴、濰柴動(dòng)力三大沼氣發(fā)電設(shè)備制造商為主，此外康達(dá)(康明斯)、濰坊伊達(dá)能、無錫柴油等企業(yè)也有生產(chǎn)。沼氣發(fā)電市場不規(guī)范，沒有相應(yīng)的較為完善的行業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，也不利于其商業(yè)化開發(fā)和利用。盡管沒有沼氣發(fā)電入網(wǎng)裝機(jī)容量的門限，但由于各地條件不同，電網(wǎng)企業(yè)有時(shí)會(huì)對并網(wǎng)發(fā)電提出最小裝機(jī)容量要求。絕大多數(shù)畜禽養(yǎng)殖場沼氣工程規(guī)模都不大，以萬頭豬場為例，依據(jù)其沼氣池產(chǎn)氣量可配備50千瓦發(fā)電機(jī)組（按每天發(fā)電500千瓦時(shí)，工作時(shí)間10小時(shí)配備），但仍遠(yuǎn)低于一些地方電網(wǎng)企業(yè)的要求，所發(fā)電力不能入網(wǎng)銷售，實(shí)現(xiàn)不了收益。即便發(fā)電能上網(wǎng)，由于發(fā)電成本偏高，大多數(shù)情況下，銷售額加上電價(jià)補(bǔ)貼都不能與成本相抵。規(guī)模小了，發(fā)電也基本上不了網(wǎng)；規(guī)模大了，沼渣沼液的去向和處理處置成本又成問題。很多沼氣工程處于“左右為難”的狀態(tài)。

　　3. Market obstacles: Due to many problems with biogas engines in China, many biogas power generation projects that previously used domestically produced generators have been in a state of long-term shutdown. This led the vast majority of biogas projects that developed later to abandon biogas power generation and instead seek other ways of utilization. A few biogas power generation projects (such as Tianjin, Hangzhou, etc.) rely on loans to introduce and purchase mature foreign power generation equipment to maintain operation. Chinese manufacturers, on the other hand, suffer from a severe shortage of buyer's markets due to immature technology. Biogas engines and generator sets cannot be mass-produced on a large scale, resulting in a lack of research funding for scientific research and production units, a lack of enthusiasm for in-depth research and development, and an inability to provide high-quality products. This further hinders the marketization process of products and is detrimental to the development of production and research units as well as the field of biogas power generation. There are no obvious advantageous enterprises, and the industry space is concentrated in the equipment and engineering markets. From the use of biogas generators in domestic biogas projects, foreign and domestic products each account for about 50%. Foreign products have obvious advantages in efficiency, while domestic products have prominent advantages in price and after-sales service. The manufacturing of biogas fermentation, purification, and storage equipment is relatively simple, and there are many participating enterprises. Overall, there are currently no advantageous enterprises in biogas power generation equipment and operation, and the market is still under cultivation. There are mainly two types of participants in the biogas power generation market: power generation equipment manufacturers and power generation operators. The main power generation operators include Henan Baichuan Changyin Industry, among which listed companies such as Sande Environment and Dongjiang Environmental Protection are involved, but the proportion of this business is still relatively small; The main manufacturers of power generation equipment include foreign companies such as Yanbach (GE), Caterpillar, and Deutz. In China, the three major manufacturers of biogas power generation equipment are Shengdong, Petroleum Jichai, and Weichai Power. In addition, companies such as Cummins, Weifang Idaneng, and Wuxi Diesel also produce. The biogas power generation market is not standardized, and there are no corresponding relatively complete industry standards, which is also not conducive to its commercial development and utilization. Although there is no threshold for the installed capacity of biogas power generation connected to the grid, due to different conditions in various regions, power grid enterprises sometimes require a minimum installed capacity for grid connected power generation. The vast majority of livestock and poultry breeding farms have small-scale biogas projects. Taking a pig farm with ten thousand heads as an example, based on the gas production of its biogas digesters, a 50 kW generator set can be equipped (with a daily power generation of 500 kWh and a working time of 10 hours), but it is still far below the requirements of some local power grid enterprises, and the generated electricity cannot be sold on the grid, resulting in no revenue. Even if power generation can be connected to the grid, due to the high cost of power generation, in most cases, sales revenue plus electricity price subsidies cannot offset the cost. The scale is small, and the power generation is basically unable to connect to the grid; As the scale increases, the disposal cost of sludge and slurry becomes a problem again. Many biogas projects are in a dilemma.

　　制沼系統(tǒng)設(shè)備1、預(yù)處理：側(cè)式攪拌機(jī)9臺(tái)，螺旋除砂機(jī)5臺(tái)，立式攪拌機(jī)4臺(tái)，螺旋刮砂機(jī)3臺(tái)，一級(jí)提升泵2臺(tái)，二級(jí)提升泵2臺(tái)，切割機(jī)+凸輪泵2套，污水泵2臺(tái)2、厭氧反應(yīng)器：底部側(cè)攪拌機(jī)8+8共16臺(tái)，頂部破殼機(jī)16臺(tái)，立式攪拌機(jī)8臺(tái)，內(nèi)循環(huán)泵4臺(tái)，出渣泵2臺(tái)，沼氣在線組分分析儀2臺(tái)，厭氧反應(yīng)器8座，沼氣氣體流量計(jì)9臺(tái)3、生物脫硫：一套4、雙膜儲(chǔ)氣柜：雙膜儲(chǔ)氣柜1套，鼓風(fēng)機(jī)2臺(tái)及配套控制柜1套5、沼氣增壓：火炬一套，冷干機(jī)一套，羅茨風(fēng)機(jī)3臺(tái)，沼氣氣體流量計(jì)3臺(tái)，電動(dòng)閥門若干6、沼氣鍋爐：蒸汽鍋爐及其配套設(shè)施2套，熱儲(chǔ)罐1座，冷水罐1座，熱水循環(huán)泵4臺(tái)，制軟水設(shè)備一套7、PLC自動(dòng)化控制系統(tǒng)一套，通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)發(fā)電系統(tǒng)發(fā)電機(jī)4臺(tái)，發(fā)電機(jī)控制柜4個(gè)，余熱鍋爐4套，變壓器4套提純壓縮脫硫塔2座，冷卻系統(tǒng)3件，控制系統(tǒng)3件，MCC、防爆電機(jī)3件，系統(tǒng)成撬3件，螺桿壓縮機(jī)及機(jī)頭總成3件有機(jī)肥固液分離機(jī)4套，沼氣儲(chǔ)存池7座公共設(shè)施廠區(qū)路燈，廠區(qū)供暖系統(tǒng)，廠區(qū)消防系統(tǒng)，廠區(qū)空調(diào)系統(tǒng)，廠區(qū)給排水系統(tǒng)，廠區(qū)監(jiān)控系統(tǒng)，廠區(qū)道路

　　1. Pre treatment of biogas production system equipment: 9 side mixers, 5 spiral sand removal machines, 4 vertical mixers, 3 spiral sand scrapers, 2 first stage lifting pumps, 2 second stage lifting pumps, 2 cutting machines+cam pumps, 2 sewage pumps. 2. Anaerobic reactors: 16 bottom side mixers 8+8, 16 top shell breaking machines, 8 vertical mixers, 4 internal circulation pumps, 2 slag discharge pumps, 2 online biogas component analyzers, 8 anaerobic reactors, 9 biogas gas flow meters. 3. Biological desulfurization: 1 set. 4. Double membrane gas storage tank: 1 set of double membrane gas storage tank, 2 blowers and matching control cabinet. 5. Biogas boosting: one set of torch, one set of refrigerated dryer, three Roots blowers, three biogas gas flow meters, and several electric valves. 6. Biogas boiler: two sets of steam boilers and their supporting facilities, one hot storage tank, one cold water tank, and four hot water circulation pumps, One set of soft water equipment, one set of PLC automation control system, four generators for the ventilation system power generation system, four generator control cabinets, four sets of waste heat boilers, four sets of transformers, two purification and compression desulfurization towers, three cooling systems, and three control systems, MCC、 3 explosion-proof motors, 3 system components, 3 screw compressors and head assemblies, 4 sets of organic fertilizer solid-liquid separators, 7 biogas storage tanks, public facilities, factory street lights, factory heating system, factory fire protection system, factory air conditioning system, factory water supply and drainage system, factory monitoring system, factory roads